If you're studying in the United States on an F-1 visa, you’ve probably come across two terms: CPT and OPT. At first glance, they might seem like complicated immigration rules—but they’re actually great opportunities to work legally while studying or after graduating. This guide will help you understand what they are, how they’re different, and what you need to do to take advantage of them.

What Is CPT?

CPT stands for Curricular Practical Training. This is a type of work authorization that allows international students to gain experience related to their studies. CPT is used while you’re still enrolled in your program. Think of it as an internship or training opportunity that’s part of your education. To be eligible, you usually need to have completed at least one academic year before applying. However, some programs allow you to start earlier if practical training is required from the beginning.

CPT must be directly related to your major and should either be a requirement of your program or offered for course credit. You'll need an official offer for a position before applying, and your school must approve it. Once your school gives the green light, you’ll receive a new I-20 form with CPT authorization printed on it. Then—and only then—can you begin working. If you work full-time under CPT for 12 months, you may lose your eligibility for OPT later, so it’s important to plan carefully.

What Is OPT?

OPT stands for Optional Practical Training. Unlike CPT, this is used after you graduate, although there is also a version called pre-completion OPT that you can use during your studies. Most students choose to apply for OPT after finishing their program, because it gives them up to 12 months to work in a job related to their field of study.

The OPT application process is different because it involves filing a request with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), not just your school. It can take a few months to process, so you should plan ahead. Once approved, you’ll get a work permit card called an EAD (Employment Authorization Document), which allows you to work legally in the United States. You don’t need to have a job lined up when you apply, but once OPT begins, you’ll need to find work within 90 days to keep your status active.

Many students use OPT to get real-world experience after graduation, especially in fields like hospitality, business, or culinary arts. It’s a great way to boost your resume, build your professional network, and even explore long-term career opportunities.

The Main Differences

While CPT and OPT are similar in that they allow you to work legally in the U.S., they serve different purposes. CPT is part of your program and is approved by your school. OPT is optional and must be approved by the government. CPT happens during your studies, and OPT is usually used after graduation. You need a job before applying for CPT, but not necessarily for OPT.

One important note: doing too much CPT can affect your OPT eligibility. If you work full-time under CPT for a full year, you won’t be able to apply for OPT. So it’s best to balance your options and speak to your school’s international student advisor.

What Is STEM OPT?

If your degree is in a STEM field—science, technology, engineering, or math—you may be eligible for an additional 24-month extension on your OPT. That means you could work in the U.S. for up to three years after graduation. To qualify, your job must be with an employer that’s registered with the government’s E-Verify system. The application process is similar to regular OPT but includes more paperwork, so start early if this applies to you.

How to Get Started

Whether you’re interested in CPT or OPT, the first step is always talking to your Designated School Official (DSO). This person is in charge of advising international students and updating your SEVIS record. They’ll help you understand your options, check your eligibility, and guide you through the application process. Once you’ve confirmed your eligibility and prepared your documents, you’ll either apply through your school for CPT or through USCIS for OPT.

It’s also important to stay organized and meet deadlines. Immigration processing can take time, and missing key dates can delay or even cancel your work plans. Make sure you understand how your work fits into your academic program and plan around your graduation date if you’re aiming for OPT.

Final Thoughts

CPT and OPT are more than just immigration terms—they’re real opportunities for you to build experience, grow professionally, and take your education beyond the classroom. For international students studying hospitality or business, these programs can make a huge difference in your future career.

Don’t be afraid to ask questions, talk to your school’s advisors, and plan ahead. Whether you're interning with a hotel during your studies or working in a luxury resort after graduation, CPT and OPT can help you get there—legally and confidently.

At Hospitality Academy, we support students in making the most of their study abroad journey. That includes understanding visas, career options, and how to turn your education into real-world success. Ready to take the next step? We’re here to help. Schedule a free consultation with our admissions team here!